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Hanabiko "Koko" (born July 4, 1971) is a female western lowland gorilla who is known for having learned a large number of hand signs from a modified version of American Sign Language (ASL). Her trainer, Francine "Penny" Patterson, reports that Koko is able to understand more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls "Gorilla Sign Language" (GSL). In contrast to other experiments attempting to teach sign language to non-human primates, Patterson simultaneously exposed Koko to spoken English from an early age. Reports state that Koko understands approximately 2,000 words of spoken English, in addition to the signs. Koko's life and learning process has been described by her trainer Patterson and some of her collaborators in a number of books, peer reviewed articles, and on a website. As with other great ape language experiments, the extent to which Koko has mastered and demonstrates these signs is disputed.〔Ward, B. (1999). Koko: Fact or Fiction?. American Language Review, 3(3), 12-15.〕 But it is generally accepted that she does not use syntax or grammar, and that her use of language does not exceed that of a young human child.〔Michael W. Eysenck, 2000, Psychology: A Student's Handbook Taylor & Francis, p. 247 〕〔Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams. 2013. An Introduction to Language. Cengage Learning, pp. 20-21〕〔William A. Haviland, Harald E. L. Prins, Dana Walrath, Bunny McBride. 2012. The Essence of Anthropology 3rd ed. Cengage Learning, p. 178〕〔Gisela Håkansson, Jennie Westander. 2013. Communication in Humans and Other Animals. John Benjamins Publishing, p. 131〕〔Joel Wallman.1992. Aping Language. Cambridge University Press, p. 20〕 Koko was born at the San Francisco Zoo and has lived most of her life in Woodside, California, although a move to a sanctuary on Maui, Hawaii, has been planned since the 1990s. Koko is short for the name in Japanese, a reference to her date of birth, the fourth of July. Koko also gained publicity when she reportedly adopted a kitten. ==Life== Koko was originally loaned to Francine Patterson for her doctoral research, but has stayed with Patterson ever since, supported by The Gorilla Foundation. Koko's weight is much higher than would be normal for a gorilla in the wild, which may be due to her diet which includes human food products, including processed meat and sweets, as well as large amounts of homeopathic dietary supplements. For a while, Koko lived with another gorilla, Michael, who also learned sign language but died in 2000. She now lives with a male gorilla, Ndume. 〔Hillix, W. A. & Rumbaugh, D. M. (2004). Koko Fine Sign Gorilla. In, "Animal Bodies, Human Minds: Ape, Dolphin, and Parrot Language Skills" (pp. 99-111). Springer US. Koko had two pet kittens, All Ball, and once All Ball got sadly hit by a car, Lipstick. Koko named All Ball All Ball because he had no tail. Lipstick was called Lipstick by Koko because she was a tabby, which Koko thought looked like lipstick 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Koko (gorilla)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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